CLIENT IMMUNITY IN STATE AND FEDERAL COURT

CLIENT IMMUNITY IN STATE AND FEDERAL COURT

Leigh is Board Certified in Criminal and Criminal Appellate law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization. A Grapevine, Texas native who still lives there today, he attended college at the University of
North Texas and law school at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law. He began practicing in 2001
with the Law Office of Avery McDaniel and opened his own office in 2003. In 2010, he moved from
downtown Fort Worth to Bedford to be closer to home. From there, he handles cases wherever clients
need help.
Tarrant County Criminal Defense Lawyer’s Association
April 11, 2019
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………..1
Types of immunity……………………………………………………………………………………..2
Transactional Immunity…………………………………………………………………………..2
Use and Derivative Use Immunity …………………………………………………………….2
Use Immunity ………………………………………………………………………………………2
Testimonial Immunity……………………………………………………………………………..2
Statutes and other materials………………………………………………………………………..2
Texas …………………………………………………………………………………………………2
CHAPTER 20A. TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS—Sec. 20A.04. ACCOMPLICE
WITNESS; TESTIMONY AND IMMUNITY……………………………………………..2
CHAPTER 43. PUBLIC INDECENCY—Sec. 43.06. ACCOMPLICE WITNESS;
TESTIMONY AND IMMUNITY ……………………………………………………………3
CHAPTER 47. GAMBLING—Sec. 47.08. TESTIMONIAL IMMUNITY …………….3
CHAPTER 71. ORGANIZED CRIME—Sec. 71.04. TESTIMONIAL IMMUNITY …3
Federal ………………………………………………………………………………………………3
18 U.S. Code § 6002. Immunity generally …………………………………………….3
18 U.S. Code § 6003. Court and grand jury proceedings …………………………4
18 U.S. Code § 6004. Certain administrative proceedings ………………………..4
United States Attorney’s Manual 9-23.000 – Witness Immunity
9-23.100 – Witness Immunity—Generally ………………………………………………..4
Criminal Resource Manual Section 716 et seq.
719. Informal Immunity Distinguished From Formal Immunity ……………………..5
A brief history of modern immunity……………………………………………………………….5
What does this mean? ……………………………………………………………………………….6
Some other stuff To Know …………………………………………………………………………..7
Courts cannot grant immunity………………………………………………………………….7
Immunity agreements may be Brady and Michael Morton Act material…………….7
Take Aways …………………………………………………………………………………………….7
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Types of Immunity
Transactional Immunity
This is the Holy Grail of immunity. It provides “full immunity from prosecution for the
offense for which the compelled testimony
relates[.]” Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S.
441, 453, 92 S.Ct. 1653, 32 L.Ed.2d 212
(1972). Testimonial immunity is no longer
required to compel testimony.
Use and Derivative Use Immunity
This immunity precludes the use of the defendant’s testimony as well as any information derived from it—as Kastigar put it testimony or other information directly or indirectly derived from such testimony or other
information. See also Ex parte Shorthouse,
640 S.W.2d 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982);
State v. Boyd, 38 S.W.3d 155 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2001).
Use and derivative use immunity is sufficient to satisfy the Fifth Amendment to compel testimony.
Use and derivative use immunity is sometimes called “use and use-fruits” immunity
and “full use” immunity.
Use Immunity
Use immunity is limited to the words coming
out of the defendant’s mouth. Only they cannot be used against the defendant. It does not
include any prohibition on derivative use—
anything the information leads to can be used
against the defendant. This is the immunity
provided by “proffer agreements” or “free
talk” letters in the federal system. (Some jurisdictions refer to proffer agreements as
“queen-for-a-day” letters, but that term is not
commonly used around these parts.)
Testimonial Immunity
In Texas, testimonial immunity refers to use
and derivative use immunity. See Ex parte
Kyler, 906 S.W.2d 657 (Tex. App.—Austin
1995).
In the Fifth Circuit, testimonial immunity
refers to use immunity. See United States v.
Bringier, 405 F.3d 310 (5th Cir. 2005).
Statutes and Other Materials
Texas
CHAPTER 20A. TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS—Sec. 20A.04. ACCOMPLICE WITNESS; TESTIMONY AND IMMUNITY.
(a) A party to an offense under this chapter
may be required to provide evidence or testify
about the offense.
(b) A party to an offense under this chapter may not be prosecuted for any offense
about which the party is required to provide
evidence or testify, and the evidence and testimony may not be used against the party in
any adjudicatory proceeding except a prosecution for aggravated perjury. For purposes of
this subsection, “adjudicatory proceeding”
means a proceeding before a court or any other agency of government in which the legal
rights, powers, duties, or privileges of specified parties are determined.
(c) A conviction under this chapter may be
had on the uncorroborated testimony of a party to the offense.
–2–
CHAPTER 43. PUBLIC INDECENCY—
Sec. 43.06. ACCOMPLICE WITNESS;
TESTIMONY AND IMMUNITY.
(a) A party to an offense under this subchapter
may be required to furnish evidence or testify
about the offense.
(b) A party to an offense under this subchapter may not be prosecuted for any offense
about which he is required to furnish evidence
or testify, and the evidence and testimony
may not be used against the party in any adjudicatory proceeding except a prosecution
for aggravated perjury.
(c) For purposes of this section, “adjudicatory proceeding” means a proceeding before a court or any other agency of government in which the legal rights, powers, duties,
or privileges of specified parties are determined.
(d) A conviction under this subchapter
may be had upon the uncorroborated testimony of a party to the offense.
CHAPTER 47. GAMBLING—Sec. 47.08.
TESTIMONIAL IMMUNITY.
(a) A party to an offense under this chapter
may be required to furnish evidence or testify
about the offense.
(b) A party to an offense under this chapter may not be prosecuted for any offense
about which he is required to furnish evidence
or testify, and the evidence and testimony
may not be used against the party in any adjudicatory proceeding except a prosecution
for aggravated perjury.
(c) For purposes of this section, “adjudicatory proceeding” means a proceeding before a court or any other agency of government in which the legal rights, powers, duties,
or privileges of specified parties are determined.
(d) A conviction under this chapter may
be had upon the uncorroborated testimony of
a party to the offense.
CHAPTER 71. ORGANIZED CRIME—Sec.
71.04. TESTIMONIAL IMMUNITY.
(a) A party to an offense under this chapter
may be required to furnish evidence or testify
about the offense.
(b) No evidence or testimony required to
be furnished under the provisions of this section nor any information directly or indirectly
derived from such evidence or testimony may
be used against the witness in any criminal
case, except a prosecution for aggravated perjury or contempt.
Federal
18 U.S. CODE § 6002. IMMUNITY GENERALLY
Whenever a witness refuses, on the basis of
his privilege against self-incrimination, to testify or provide other information in a proceeding before or ancillary to—
(1) a court or grand jury of the United
States,
(2) an agency of the United States, or
(3) either House of Congress, a joint
committee of the two Houses, or a committee
or a subcommittee of either House, and the
person presiding over the proceeding communicates to the witness an order issued under this title, the witness may not refuse to
comply with the order on the basis of his privilege against self-incrimination; but no testimony or other information compelled under
the order (or any information directly or indirectly derived from such testimony or other
information) may be used against the witness
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in any criminal case, except a prosecution for
perjury, giving a false statement, or otherwise
failing to comply with the order.
18 U.S. CODE § 6003. COURT AND
GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS
(a) In the case of any individual who has been
or may be called to testify or provide other
information at any proceeding before or ancillary to a court of the United States or a grand
jury of the United States, the United States
district court for the judicial district in which
the proceeding is or may be held shall issue,
in accordance with subsection (b) of this section, upon the request of the United States
attorney for such district, an order requiring
such individual to give testimony or provide
other information which he refuses to give or
provide on the basis of his privilege against
self-incrimination, such order to become effective as provided in section 6002 of this title.
(b) A United States attorney may, with the
approval of the Attorney General, the Deputy
Attorney General, the Associate Attorney
General, or any designated Assistant Attorney
General or Deputy Assistant Attorney General, request an order under subsection (a) of
this section when in his judgment—
(1) the testimony or other information
from such individual may be necessary to the
public interest; and
(2) such individual has refused or is
likely to refuse to testify or provide other information on the basis of his privilege against
self-incrimination.
18 U.S. CODE § 6004. CERTAIN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
(a) In the case of any individual who has been
or who may be called to testify or provide
other information at any proceeding before an
agency of the United States, the agency may,
with the approval of the Attorney General,
issue, in accordance with subsection (b) of
this section, an order requiring the individual
to give testimony or provide other information which he refuses to give or provide on
the basis of his privilege against self-incrimination, such order to become effective as provided in section 6002 of this title.
(b) An agency of the United States may
issue an order under subsection (a) of this
section only if in its judgment—
(1) the testimony or other information
from such individual may be necessary to the
public interest; and
(2) such individual has refused or is
likely to refuse to testify or provide other information on the basis of his privilege against
self-incrimination.
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S MANUAL
9-23.000 – WITNESS IMMUNITY
9-23.100 – Witness Immunity—Generally
“This chapter contains the Department’s policy and procedures for seeking ‘use immunity’
under Title 18 U.S.C. §§ 6001-6005. Sections
6001 to 6005 provide a mechanism by which
the government may apply to the court for an
order granting a witness limited immunity in
all judicial, administrative, and congressional
proceedings when the witness asserts his or
her privilege against self-incrimination under
the Fifth Amendment. (Section 6003 covers
court and grand jury proceedings, Section
6004 covers administrative hearings, and Section 6005 covers congressional proceedings.)”
Practice tip: if you ever think an AUSA’s
actions are a tad sketchy, check the U.S. Attorney’s Manual for the guidance provided to
AUSAs on that point. AUSAs have been
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known to, er, deviate from it a bit when convenient. While the manual doesn’t create any
rights for defendants, some federal judges
look askance at AUSAs who don’t hew pretty
close to its guidance.
CRIMINAL RESOURCE MANUAL SECTION 716 ET SEQ.
719. Informal Immunity Distinguished From
Formal Immunity
Statutory immunity, also known as formal
immunity, should be distinguished from informal immunity. The latter term, often referred to as “pocket immunity” or “letter immunity,” is immunity conferred by agreement
with the witness. For example, the government and a cooperating defendant or witness
might enter into a plea agreement or a nonprosecution agreement if the defendant or
witness agrees to cooperate. Testimony given
under informal immunity is not compelled
testimony, but is testimony pursuant to an
agreement and thus voluntary. The principles
of contract law apply in determining the
scope of informal immunity. United States v.
Plummer, 941 F.2d 799, 802 (9th Cir. 1991);
United States v. Britt, 917 F.2d 353 (8th Cir.
1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1090; United
States v. Camp, 72 F.3d 759 (9th Cir. 1996)
[replacing 58 F.3d 491 (9th Cir. 1996)].
Grants of informal immunity that do not expressly prohibit the government’s derivative
use of the witness’s testimony will be construed to prohibit such derivative use. Plummer, supra. But a grant of informal immunity
that expressly provides for derivative use of
the testimony by the government will be upheld. United States v. Lyons, 670 F.2d 77, 80
(7th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1136.
An important difference between statutory/formal immunity and informal immunity is
that the latter is not binding upon the States.
This follows from the fact that the local prosecutor representing the State is normally not a
party to the agreement between the witness
and the Federal prosecutor, and thus cannot
be contractually bound by the Federal prosecutor’s agreements.
A Brief History of
Modern Immunity
In Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1 (1964), the
Supreme Court formally extended the Fifth
Amendment to the States through the Fourteenth. In another case decided that same day,
Murphy v. Waterfront Comm’n, 378 U.S. 52
(1964), the Supreme Court held that immunity for compelled testimony granted by one
jurisdiction extends to other jurisdictions. Part
of the rationale is that the privileges “are defeated when a witness ‘can be whipsawed into
incriminating himself under both state and
federal law even though’ the constitutional
privilege against self-incrimination is applicable to each.” Id. at 55 (citing Knapp v.
Schweitzer, 357 U.S. 371, 385, 78 S.Ct. 1302,
1310 (dissenting opinion of Black, J). Here’s
Murphy’s holding: “We hold that the constitutional privilege against self-incrimination protects a state witness against incrimination under federal as well as state law and a federal
witness against incrimination under state as
well as federal law.” Id. at 77–78. Kastigar v.
United States, 406 U.S. 441 (1972) affirmed
Murphy and, more significantly, curtailed the
scope of the immunity required to compel
someone to testify. Kastigar held that only
use and derivative use—not transactional
immunity—is required to compel testimony.
Texas adopted this position in Ex parte Shorthouse, 640 S.W.2d 924 (Tex. Crim. App.
–5–
1982). All of these cases are worth reading if
you are dealing with this issue.
What Does This Mean?
A defendant receiving compelled immunity
receives use and derivative use immunity for
his testimony in all jurisdictions—if the state
compels it, the feds can’t use his statements
or anything derived from his statements
against him; if the feds compel it, the state
can’t use his statements or anything derived
from his statements against him.
Should a jurisdiction seek to prosecute
someone who testified pursuant to compelled
immunity, you can—and likely should—request what is commonly referred to as a
Kastigar hearing to determine that the evidence against the client is sourced independently of the client’s statement. When a witness testifies under a grant of immunity to
matters related to the crime for which the
witness is now being prosecuted, the prosecution has “the affirmative duty to prove that
the evidence it proposes to use [against the
witness] is derived from a legitimate source
wholly independent of the compelled testimony.” Kastigar, 406 U.S. at 460. Proving
that the evidence hasn’t been tainted by the
immunized testimony is a “heavy burden.”
Kastigar, 406 U.S. at 460
Note, however, that this applies only to
testimony compelled by a grant of immunity.
Testimony pursuant to informal immunity
does not bar prosecutions by other jurisdictions. Informal immunity is rare in state court
but common in federal court pursuant to proffer agreements. Statements or testimony made
pursuant to the proffer agreement can be used
against the defendant in state court. Generally, the feds won’t share the information provided in a debrief with other jurisdictions and
generally the state won’t prosecute a defendant already being prosecuted federally, but it
can happen. So don’t ignore your client’s
state court situation and exposure when deciding to cooperate with the feds.
Also be aware of the slight differences in
statutes. Sections 20A.04, 43.06, & 47.08 extend the immunity to any adjudicatory proceeding while the immunity under section 1
71.04 extends only to criminal prosecutions.2
Under the federal statute, “no testimony or
other information compelled under the order
(or any information directly or indirectly derived from such testimony or other information) may be used against the witness in any
criminal case, except a prosecution for perjury, giving a false statement, or otherwise
Sections 20A.04, 43.06, & 47.08 provide as follows: “A party to an offense under this chapter 1
may be required to provide evidence or testify about the offense. … A party to an offense under
this chapter may not be prosecuted for any offense about which the party is required to provide
evidence or testify, and the evidence and testimony may not be used against the party in any adjudicatory proceeding … .”
2 I could find no case addressing immunity in an adjudicatory proceeding. An “adjudicatory proceeding” is a proceeding before a court or any other agency of government in which the legal
rights, powers, duties, or privileges of specified parties are determined. The language is broad
enough that it seemingly extends to forfeiture hearings, administrative proceedings, and civil
proceedings generally, but I find no authority applying this definition.
–6–
failing to comply with the order.” 18 U.S.C. §
6002.
Practice tip: always request a Kastigar
hearing if your client has been granted immunity in another jurisdiction and is being
prosecuted in another. The burden is on the
prosecution to show that it’s evidence hasn’t
been tainted by the immunized testimony and
it’s a heavy burden.
Some Other Stuff to Know
Texas Courts Cannot Grant Immunity
The separation of powers doctrine precludes a
court’s granting immunity. Granting immunity is solely within the province of the prosecution. The compulsory process clause of the
Sixth Amendment does not trump this—even
if the exculpatory testimony is available from
no other source, the court cannot grant the
witness immunity to provide the testimony.
Norwood v. State, 768 S.W.2d 347 (Tex. App.
—Corpus Christi 1989) has an excellent discussion of this issue. There is potentially an
exception to this if the decision by the prosecuting authority is “made with the deliberate
intention of distorting the judicial fact finding
process.” Autry v. Estelle, 706 F.2d 1394,
1401 (5th Cir. 1983). But any “legitimate
prosecutorial concern” seems to be sufficient
to justify withholding immunity.
Practice tip: if you have a situation where
testimony is only available from a witness
who cannot testify for self-incrimination reasons, ask the prosecution for immunity. If you
don’t get it, file a motion and put the monkey
on the prosecutor to advance a legitimate
prosecutorial concern and get a ruling. You’ll
probably lose, but you’ll have a point for appeal (which will make your appellate lawyer
very happy).
Immunity Agreements May Be Brady
and Michael Morton Act Material
Immunity agreements can be Brady material.
Ex parte Stocker, No. WR-88,099-01 (Tex.
Crim. App. July 25, 2018) (citing Ex parte
Kimes, 872 S.W.2d 700, 702-703 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1993); Ex parte Weinstein, 421 S.W3d
656, 664-65, 669 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014)).
Jailhouse snitch agreements, including
immunity agreements with jailhouse informants, must be disclosed by statute:
[I]f the state intends to use at a defendant’s trial testimony of a person to whom
the defendant made a statement against
the defendant’s interest while the person
was imprisoned or confined in the same
correctional facility as the defendant, the
state shall disclose to the defendant any
information in the possession, custody, or
control of the state that is relevant to the
person’s credibility, including: … any
grant, promise, or offer of immunity from
prosecution, reduction of sentence, or
other leniency or special treatment, given
by the state in exchange for the person’s
testimony[.] Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 39.14(h-1)(2).

Take Aways
Use immunity only prevents use of the
client’s statements; it does not protect a client
from derivative use of the information provided. Know what you are doing before proceeding under a grant of use immunity.
–7–
Use and derivative use immunity is required
to compel testimony; transactional immunity
is not. Today, transactional immunity is the
purple unicorn of the criminal justice system.
“Testimonial immunity” has different meanings in state and federal court. In Texas, it
means use and derivative use immunity; federally, it is only use immunity.
Don’t sign a federal proffer agreement unless
your client plans to plead guilty. Cooperating
severely restricts trial options.
DOJ policy interprets informal or pocket immunity as precluding derivative use unless the
agreement expressly provides for derivative
use.
Before cooperating with a jurisdiction under
an informal or pocket immunity agreement,
you must assess the possibility of another jurisdiction’s prosecuting the defendant as informal immunity does not preclude use by
another jurisdiction of the information provided under the immunity agreement.
Fed court requires an order from the court
compelling the testimony, and the feds must
get approval from Main Justice to request this
order. Texas does not require an order; the
State’s calling a witness to testify pursuant to
an immunity provision is sufficient.
Should the State want your client’s testimony
for an offense under one of the chapters providing for immunity, you may be better off to
have the State compel it. Your client doesn’t
cooperate and the scope of the immunity is
clear. Have the State subpoena your client and
invoke the applicable immunity statute on the
record.
If you are unaware of the US Attorney’s
Manual and Criminal Resource Manual, take
a look at them. There’s lots of useful and interesting information in them.
The statutory immunity in section 71.04 does
not extend to adjudicatory proceedings while
the statutory immunity in sections 20A.04,
43.06, & 47.08 does.
Immunity agreements may be Brady material
and jailhouse snitch agreements are Michael
Morton Act material.
–8–
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